Symptoms and signs of diabetes sugar

Diabetic sugar is a treacherous disease that has an increased content of glucose in the blood.When absorbing foods, carbohydrates and proteins, they decompose with plain sugar and amino acids.The liver converts all the sugar and part of the amino acids into glucose, which is used as a source of energy with every body of the body.Glucose enters the blood into the cells with insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas (a pear organ located below the stomach).By attaching to the receptors on the surface of the cell membrane, insulin promotes the progress of the proteins that transport glucose from the depth of the cell to its surface, where they are associated with glucose and carry it into the cell.With diabetes mellitus, this process occurs several disorders: the production of insulin with a pancreas can be partially or completely disturbed or the body of the body can be incapable of responding effectively to the normal amount of insulin.

Diabetic sugar is a heterogeneous disease and is found in two forms: diabetes of the first type or "insulin -dependent" and diabetes of the second type or "insulin dependent". In the first type of diabetes, also known as youth diabetes, the pancreas produces a small amount of insulin or does not produce it at all.

This type of diabetes develops suddenly and is most common in people under 30;The average age of its development is between 12 and 14 years.However, diabetes of the first type is only about 5 percent of all cases of diabetes.The second type of diabetes, also known as diabetes in adults, are much more common.In this type of diabetes, the production of insulin pancreate is only slightly reduced, but the cells are not able to effectively respond to insulin, so this disease is considered to be insulin resistance.The second type diabetes usually starts to a degree and affects people over 40 years of age, especially with full people, one of the risk factors is the age of over 50 years.Sometimes in adults, diabetes of the first type can be observed.

The main causes of the development of diabetes are: hereditary predisposition, pancreatic disease, overeating (reading - overload of the same pancreas, liver and gastrointestinal pathways), excessive use of simple carbohydrates (sugar, sweets, jams, cakes, chocolate, etc.), animal fats, alcohol.In some cases, diabetes mellitus may occur due to mental trauma, poisoning or intoxication (including medicines).

In both types of diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to the release of glucose in the urine, which is accompanied by an increase in urine production.If a patient with diabetes of the first type prescribes the wrong amount of insulin, excessive ejection of fatty acids from fat will lead to overproduction of ketone bodies in the liver.The accumulation of ketone bodies can cause an addictive life known as diabetic ketocytosis.Diabetic ketoocytosis can sometimes be found in patients with diabetes of the second type during periods when the body experiences severe tension, such as during a severe infectious disease.

People with diabetes of the second type are susceptible to another disease that refers to life known as a hyperosmotic condition that is not discarded, characterized by extremely high blood sugar levels.This disease is usually found in the elderly with any other serious illness.The attack of diabetic ketocytosis or hyperosmotic condition may be the first sign of diabetes.

People with diabetes can also suffer from low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) if they administer too much insulin during treatment.

After 10-20 years of diabetes, patients may have complications, such as visual impairment, kidney damage and peripheral nervous system degeneration (neuropathy).Strict control over blood glucose content may retain or prevent these complications from occurring.The loss of touch in the legs can lead to the fact that the damage will remain unattended and an infection will occur.

Symptoms

What signs can they say you have diabetes or indicate that there is a risk of its occurrence?

• Excessive and frequent urination (around every hour).Awakening at night for urination.The body, to get rid of excess sugar, emits it through the kidneys in the urine.
• Strong thirst or elevated must be drunk a lot of liquids.It is caused by the fact that glucose levels increases in the blood, which "takes away" the fluid from the tissues, the tissue is dehydrated.Therefore, patients are forced to drink a lot: 2-3-5 liters per day or more.
• Itching of the skin and genitals.
• Dry mouth.
• Poor wound healing.
• At first, a large weight, which subsequently reduced it due to impaired food ingestion, especially carbohydrates.
• Reduction of immunity - frequent infections from banal flu and colds to pneumonia.
• Sometimes the disease is preceded by "strange" conditions: as a result of short -term forced starvation or after intense physical activity, headache, pale, praise sweat and general weakness may occur.As a person eats, he drinks at least a glass of sweet tea, all the symptoms pass quickly.Indirectly, this can indicate pancreatic malfunction: insulin enters the blood more than usual, and sugar levels decreases below the permissible units of level-3-3.5.
• Increased appetite.
• Unrestrained weight loss.
• Poor vision.
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Frequent or constant infections of the bladder, skin or gums.
• Tingling and tingling in the legs and arms.
• Signs of hypoglycaemia.
• Strong symptoms of hyperosmotic non -memono -memorial condition: exceptional thirst, lethargy, weakness, confusion of consciousness, coma.
• Strong symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis: nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath, confusion, coma.

The symptoms described are observed in 40-90% of patients with diabetes long before the diagnosis is made.But there are also symptoms of "inhuman", which causes increased blood sugar:

The skin gradually becomes dry, wrinkled, palms and soles coarse, peeled, the nails thicken, dry and brittle hair, on the limbs grows and disappears completely, on the skin, due to the reduction of overall immunity, pustular rashes, boiling, carbunhes, recurrences.Often the skin is affected by fungi, eczema, lichen.

1. The occurrence and progression of vascular disorders - the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, angina pectoris, memory decreases (brain vessels suffer);
2. Diabetic changes in bloody lower vessels (retinopathy), visual reduction;
3. Reduction of renal function (nephropathy, pyelonephritis);
4. Diabetic leg ("legs in cold burning and crushing warm" - a violation of the blood supply to the lower limbs);
5. Sometimes the character (mental disorders) changes;
6. One of the signs of diabetes is the gum lesion - periodontitis, bleeding, blue gums and teeth begin to stir, sometimes leaving their legal places painlessly.
7. Diabetic sugar affects the glands of internal secretion.Men lose interest in women, they are reduced not only by libido but also to potency.In women, the menstrual cycle is "lost", it happens that menstruation disappears completely.

Therefore, diabetes mellitus is called endocrine disease with a pancreas lesion characterized by an increase in blood sugar and a disorder of all types of metabolism in the body.

Diabetes mellitus distinguishes anti -adbele, hidden diabetes mellitus and diabetes itself (explicit).The latter manifests itself in light, moderate and heavy weight.

With before -Antiabetes, hidden diabetes and light diabetes, nutrition is the only therapeutic factor.And with medium and severe forms - a necessary condition for successful treatment and maintenance of an acceptable quality of life.

In addition, people with diabetes are more susceptible to narrowing the coronary arteries and narrowing the blood vessels that deliver the brain and legs.The combination of infectious diseases of the legs and a decrease in blood supply can lead to gangrene (death of tissue), which requires amputation.

The treatment of diabetes of the first type requires one to four daily injections with insulin.(Insulin cannot be taken orally, since digestive juices destroy it.) In addition, it is necessary to observe a diet and exercise so that blood glucose levels are not too high or too low.For the second type diabetes, a combination of diet, exercise and weight loss can be used, although medicines (including insulin) are usually required.Treatment largely depends on self -control.Although there is no means of cureing diabetes, almost all patients are able to control the symptoms and lead a full life.

• The first type diabetes is an autoimmune disease that occurs as a result of a misconduct of the immune system on the pancreatic cells that produce insulin.
• Genetic factors are important with diabetes of the second tin.
• Excessive fullness makes people prone to the development of diabetes of the second type.
• Some medicines, such as corticosteroids or diuretic thiazides, may increase the risk of developing diabetes of the second type.
• Other diseases, such as hemochromatosis, chronic pancreatitis, Cushing syndrome or acromegaly, can lead to diabetes.Surgical removal of the pancreas can also provoke diabetes.
• Pregnant women may develop diabetes, which usually disappears after birth.These women are at risk of developing the second type diabetes in the future.
• Contrary to the existing opinion, the use of a large amount of sweet does not contribute to the development of diabetes.

The general principles of diet in diabetes are reduced to simple rules.

The calorie content of the diet should be reduced to 2000-2200 kcal by reducing the consumption of simple carbohydrates: sugar, cakes, ice cream, chocolate, sweets, sweets, pasta, rice, honey and similar products.Black bread, legumes, vegetables, fruits are complex carbohydrates (except bananas, grapes, watermelon) and their consumption is permissible within normal limits.Sea food is useful because of the well-acquired high quality protein and minerals contained in them, in particular the zinc-necessary component for the production of insulin.The beans in the zinc content so needed for patients with diabetes, and copper is a champion among vegetables.The use of beans reduces thirst and in the presence of concomitant atherosclerosis with a heart rhythm impairment - restores normal rhythm!

It is recommended to eat 3-4 times a day.Between meals, drink water.It should be restricted by the daily intake of sodium salt to 10 g, animals and vegetable fats - up to 50 g, as well as reduce the consumption of dairy products high in fat (cheese, ice cream, cream, sour cream), meat, kits, smoked spots, chocolate, cakes, halva, hood, brains, brains, brains and leather.

Prevention

• To prevent the development of diabetes of the second type, you should lose weight if your weight exceeds the norm by more than 20 percent and maintain normal weight.
• Exercise regularly.
• There is no well -known way to prevent diabetes of the first type.
• People with all kinds of diabetes should regularly undergo an eye examination for early detection and treatment of diabetes for visual impairment.

Diagnostics

• Medical history and physical examination can be founded for the assumption of the disease.
• The diagnosis can be made if a blood test on an empty stomach shows high levels of glucose (126 mg/dl or higher) at least twice.
• When the test results are ambiguous, a glucose tolerance sample can be made.The patient drinks a drink containing 75 g of glucose, and then the blood glucose content is measured every 30 minutes for two hours.
• Urine analysis can be done to determine the protein content.
• Measure the blood glycogemoglobin;It shows the average blood glucose content for the last two to three months.

For diabetes of the first type:

• Daily insulin injections are needed.It is necessary from one to four daily injections to control blood glucose levels.There are medicines with prolonged activity and quick action and they are often prescribed in combination.
• A strict diet and a diet is needed to maintain the desired level of glucose in the blood.Your doctor may recommend food with low fat, salt and cholesterol and may advise you to visit a nutritionist for food planning.
• As both exercise and insulin reduce glucose levels, exercise and insulin administration should be designed so that their effect is not administered and does not cause a dangerous decrease in blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
• Proper control of the disease requires a strict schedule of injection, nutrition and exercise.

For the second type diabetes:

• The use of low fat and low -calorie foods in combination with the proper performance of exercise is necessary to control the weight.
• Medicines taken as oral may be prescribed to increase the production of insulin pancreas if exercise and diet do not suffer enough blood glucose.
• Other oral drugs may reduce insulin resistance or slow down the absorption of sugar from the intestine.
• Insulin injections may be required for severe attacks of the second type of diabetes or if a patient with diabetes of the second type has any other disease.

For both types of diabetes:

• Blood tests are required to measure glucose levels, one to four times a day (depending on the doctor's recommendation).Your doctor will advise you which device can be used at home to measure blood sugar.
• Particular attention should be paid to the development of atherosclerosis as it is often combined with diabetes.Patients with diabetes should not smoke, should eat low fat, cholesterol and salt and take high blood pressure or high cholesterol medicines.
• People with diabetes should drink a large amount of water when they become ill with another disease, such as flu, to fill the lost fluid and prevent diabetic coma.During the disease, people with diabetes of the first type should check the urine for ketone bodies every four to six hours.
• People with diabetes should take care of their feet and check them every day.Nerve damage to diabetes reduces the sensitivity of the legs and small damage can lead to the development of serious infectious diseases.
• Laser photocoagulation to prevent tearing of small blood vessels in the eye can help prevent or cure diabetic retinopathy.Most patients with diabetes should check the eyes with an ophthalmologist at least once a year to detect the first manifestations of retinopathy.
• Dialysis, the process of artificial filtration of the blood, may be required for renal failure.In serious cases, kidney transplantation may be required,
• Clear control of blood glucose levels preserves or prevents subsequent complications that affect the eyes, kidneys and nervous system.
• Kidney damage can be delayed by controlling blood pressure.

When you need a doctor

• Contact your doctor if you notice a sudden or gradual increase in the feeling of hunger, thirst or increase the amount of urine produced.
• Contact your doctor if you are ill with diabetes and at the same time get a runny nose or flu that has taken your blood sugar levels out of control.Do not use the medicine sold without a prescription without consulting a doctor.
• Warning!Call an ambulance if a patient with diabetes loses consciousness.Tell the doctor that a person is suffering from diabetes.
• Warning!(In the second type of diabetes.) Call the ambulance immediately if you have symptoms of a hyperosmotic condition that has not been dialed;These include severe thirst, lethargy, weakness and confusion.
• Warning!(In the first type of diabetes.) Call the ambulance immediately if you have symptoms of diabetic ketocytosis;These include dry mouth, dry and red skin, sweet or fruity aroma of mouth odor, difficulty breathing, vomiting and abdominal pain in combination with excessive urination and severe thirst (or without).
• Warning!(With the first type of diabetes.) Take a doctor immediately if the presence of ketone bodies and measures prescribed by your doctor are found in the urine, do not help you deal with the problem.